Back to Research Western theorists advocate. It was found: in the United States on election rallies, the Republicans did not meet the Democrats and vice versa. Most of the people showed that disables the radio or TV, when they hear the transfer to protect the point of view, which is contrary to their own. In these cases triggered a psychological defense mechanism, which supports a person in the state of internal balance, confidence in the correctness, protects it from the cognitive dissonance (conflict traumatic experiences). Therefore, in particular, the propaganda during election campaigns is rarely noticeable number of new recruits adherents of a particular candidate - essentially, it perpetuates the existing views. Hence the conclusion: in order to be successful propagandist must be able to get to listen to yourself. It should also be able to break through negative predisposition audience or circumvent it, to be able to influence people.
During the Second World War, in their broadcasts in Nazi Germany, the BBC included a summary of the weather. Indifferent to the military, political, ideological positions of the belligerents figures falsify that had no meaning, were to distribute the resulting effect on the veracity of all transmission BBC. Such a ploy designed to create the impression of impartiality and objectivity of the source of propaganda, gradually multiplied and complicated. Currently, they have grown into sophisticated system "bypass with flank".
Foremost in tactics "bypass with flank" promotes information (so-called factual propaganda) It is dosed transmission of reliable information, the accuracy of which is known in advance the audience or readers, and they can be easily verified. The category of such "persuasive information" includes, inter alia, the actual data. For example, names, street names, house numbers, a huge amount of detail, is reliable and in which like "packed" promotional messages.
For example, during the Second World War, British intelligence was able to get pofamilnye lists all the commanders of German submarines, the composition of their families, the names of their lovers, on their relations with each other, the relationship between families, their weaknesses, hobbies and more. It was actively used. In particular, there are daily propaganda broadcasts in German, which led to hikes in the battle of German submariners Anglo-American intelligence, revealing their incredible knowledge. Each channel starts right message to the crew of the submarine, and specific to particular submariner. They reported, for example, that someone's family is killed by bombs in Hamburg had been evacuated, or somewhere that has died in hospital from his injuries some of their friend or relative. Calls sounded something like this (quoted from the book of I. Bunicha "Transaction" Thunderstorm ":" We appeal to you, the commander of the submarine "U-507" lieutenant Blume. With your hand, it was very imprudent to leave his wife in Bremen, where the Currently holds your vacation, your friend lieutenant Grossberg. They have, at least, three times seen together at a restaurant, and your neighbor Frau Mogler argues: your children are sent to his mother in Mecklenburg ...". After that passed promotional messages on the irrelevance of war , desperate German, etc. Later, during the Cold War years, broadcasting in the USSR American and British radio, with "gray" (dissemination of false information) and the "black" (the spread of misinformation) propaganda often used the city phone book for the to mention the transfer of real names and addresses of Soviet citizens.
The most influential media groups the Western world CNN, BBC, DW Decades of apparent objectivity, credibility, using the technique of factual plausibility. The main way in their programs, they give all sorts of information transfer, which under the guise of dispassionate news fed a politically-oriented point of view. Impression "objective" and "impartial" vkraplivaniya created by the texts of promotional materials "views of the opposing party" or facts on the face of adverse official standpoint of the countries where they broadcast.
Diverse obygryvanie genuine factual material - not the only method "bypass with flank". There are others. One of them - this is a forgery of the views, tastes and inclination to the target audience. Another - the supply of material from this standpoint, if only preached the idea of development in the public submissions. It relies on a gradual, slow, "evolutionary" involvement in the orbit of ideological and political beliefs. Western researchers have found that the slow, underlying the involvement of the scope of promotional effects is often very effective for people with uncertain views, not set for ourselves of attachment to a certain circle of people, way of thinking and way of life, and t, c.
American psychologists tracked and described, for example, as a process of assimilation of human attitudes, views, opinions, his alien ideology, social status, social environment. A man accidentally stumbled upon the previously unknown information. Acquainted with it, I saw an interesting for himself the question, an interesting information, the answer to some of his emotional problem. And only then learned that it is written "strangers". Know it is early, probably would not have to read or listen. And now - another matter. Predisposition has been broken. Near continuing caution, fidelity representations of a strong element of tolerance. Now meet the man the information from the same source or similar content, it is no longer ottolknet it. Repeated contact may awaken more interest. Man begins to deliberately seek them. If it finds an echo in the new information to their needs and interests (as he understands them), and at the same time does not see them with a convincing interpretation of "their" traditional sources of information, it quietly to themselves have the full shift. It is not excluded. that he will be convinced, if not changed their views. But to explain the world, he has already begun with other positions.
Possible and this option when a person knows that dealing with hostile propaganda and looks at it with prejudice. But curiosity prevails, it will be accepted to study it - and more are all on the present scheme. Prejudice, even prejudice can potesnitsya and then go away, turn into its opposite. Thinking that developed "own position", man begins to fall under the influence of very different ideological systems.
Another recommendation of the founders of tactics "bypass with flank" - in every possible way to hide its true purpose, to avoid conflicts with the generally recognized in the audience (in this society) views, values, norms, dominant ideology. If it does not do through negative predisposition not to break. "Propaganda only doomed to failure when it looks like a propaganda", - claim specialists.
A great importance was attached to flirting with the audience, for example, prevozneseniyu its national characteristics and achievements of the national genius, underscores its "compassion" to the situation of different social groups, individuals, etc. All of this should be done without a single word Hula apparent to opponents and without a single word of praise to the frank "their"
In this context, useful to quote the paper "The psychological war against the USSR", developed by CIA analysts in the 1950's. It contains a list of recommendations and "proposed topics" promotional messages. This document is very instructive. So,
"The challenge number 1. Discover and develop spiritual values, moral and ethical concept of the Soviet people, especially the Russians, and to establish the identity of these values with the values of the free world. Suggested topics:
a) Truthfulness, Compassion, generosity, love of family, hospitality - these are some of the values dear to Soviet people, all derived from their spiritual life. This is a common heritage with the peoples of the free world, but they scorned the rulers of the USSR.
b) The historical contributions of Russian artists in various fields of the free world: the philosophy, art and science - have always recognized and respected.
c) The study of classical Russian literature, political philosophy and ethics shows: Russia shares and was under the influence of the creative social and cultural forces that developed the West. The political and ethical ideals of the Russian people are the same as in the West, because they stem from the same spiritual source, they bollixed up in a communist state, but did not die. Caution. We should not perebarschivat, referring to the western influence, and not talking down to make an impression.
d) The Russian family is based on love, trust, mutual support and respect for the rights of others. These values common to the free world.
d) what the Soviet people fought during the revolution - peace, freedom and good life for all, is the basic concepts common to the free world. These concepts are daily in the political life of the free world.
e) to assure the Russian people that the free world does not harbor any ideas or against them or against their country, but only for those seeking freedom and prosperity in a friendly and cooperating world ".
It is equally instructive to refer to the "Recommended topics" propaganda stories about the United States:
"A) peace-loving United States, to respect the sovereignty and independence of peoples of other States;
b) Americans draw a distinction between the Soviet people and its government;
c) The United States has never fought against Russia;
d) The United States helped the Soviet people in World War II before joining the U.S. in the war with Germany;
e) The United States continued to assist the people of the Soviet Union even after the conclusion of hostilities in the Second World War;
e) the Americans have provided their knowledge and experience in the construction industry in the USSR;
g) The love of technology and science in the everyday life of the community for the peoples of the USSR and the United States;
h) our country great, and we have ambitious plans to build;
and) we have a common spirit of the pioneers;
to) live in the United States, many thousands of people Russian and Ukrainian origin, who have a significant influence on American life;
l), Russian and Ukrainian folk music and the music of composers (including the Soviet) is often performed in the United States, many of our outstanding musicians Russian origin;
m), novels and short stories by Russian writers are very popular in the United States and in the free world. All major universities are studying Russian literature. Note. We need to review the new biographies of Russian writers, and the study of Russian literature, even if they do not have a political content;
a) United States and the peoples of the free world knows about courage, energy and aspirations of the Soviet people, many Americans have publicly expressed admiration for these qualities;
o) United States help to all the peoples where they can, regardless of whether they agree or disagree with the policy of the United States;
p) in the American theater is still studying the Stanislavsky system, and does not make any attempt to hide its Russian origin;
r), the U.S. government, many private organizations and individuals have attempted to establish the cultural, scientific and technical exchanges with the USSR;
c) the essence of America and the free world, the fundamental values that we share with the Soviet people, gives an idea of the United States and other Western literature available in the USSR: Steinbeck, Sinclair Epton, Mark Twain, Jack London, Dickens, etc. While some of these books belong to the direction of "social protest", they show the democratic faith in social progress in action "
It should be noted that in such a manner the American propaganda operates today. Of course, with an amendment to the current political situation and national cultural characteristics of the regular "enemies of the civilized world".
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