Scientists around the world are already quite a long time interested in the fireball. Over a half century of research raised tens of imaginable and unimaginable theories that explain the nature of this phenomenon. Often it identifies with the anomalous atmospheric phenomena as UFOs (unidentified flying object). This is precisely the case when one tried to explain the uncertainty of another ... Let's try to touch this enigma of nature and ourselves.
Is not difficult to imagine what horrors experienced our distant ancestors, meeting with such an incomprehensible and frightening phenomenon. The first mention of ball lightning in the Russian archives of a bright example. In one of the monasteries in 1663 came "denunciation of pop Ivanische" Village of New Ergi, which reported: "... fire fell to the ground on many of the yard, and through, and the choir, Aki tow grief, and people from It ran, but he katashesya for them, and nobody Ozhegov and then climbed up into Oblak ".
Myths and legends of ancient times represented the fireball in a variety of guises. More often than not, it was portrayed as monsters with eyes of fire, or in the form of Cerberus - satanic dog that guards the entrance to hell. From time to time he goes to walk on the earth's surface. The meeting brings with it grief, and sometimes Cerberus leaves behind a burnt remains. Well-known Russian folk tale of the serpent Горыныч - one with the kidney.
On the bank of the river Vahi in Tajikistan is the mysterious high mound, composed of rounded stones. Science claims that he has appeared in the times of Alexander the Great. But local folklore from one generation to another legend passes on the underground kingdom of fire and evil spirits living there. Sometimes they occur on top of mound, surrounded by "black lights" and the smell of sulfur. Describe these demons are always in the form of a huge dog with burning eyes.
English folk legends literally filled with stories about the "ghost dog, spew flames from mouth".
The first documentary evidence of the fireball back in time for the Roman Empire. In ancient manuscripts describing events 106 years BC. e.: "Over Rome appeared red giant crows. They carried in their beaks hot coals, which fell down and burned homes. Half of Rome was the embrace of fire ".
There is documentary evidence of similar phenomena in France and Portugal in the Middle Ages. Magicians and alchemists, beginning with Paracelsus to mysterious Dr. Torallboy, looking for a way to gain power over the spirits of fire.
Myths and legends telling about the fire-spitting dragons and similar evil spirits, there are almost all the peoples of the world. The explanation is simple ignorance can not be. Scientists have found that this subject is very interesting. Были проведены масштабные исследования, и вывод оказался вполне однозначным: многие мифы, сказки, легенды вполне могут опираться на реальные события. All this seems to evidence of some mysterious natural phenomena. The availability of light, the ability to penetrate through the material objects and explosion - well more than "tricks" fireball?
The group of enthusiasts led by Moscow electrical engineer S. Martyanov interested unusual for Pskov. In the quiet town of Pskov region is the so-called Devil's meadow. In summer and autumn, the stories of local residents in those places so many mushrooms that even oblique Kosy. But the old prefer to bypass this place tenth expensive, but be sure to tell visitors about incomprehensible black substance with burning eyes and a fiery mouth. Here's how Martyanov S. describes his impression from visiting the Devil glades: "It's the vykatilsya at me from the bushes a mysterious black ball. I literally obaldel: on the surface ran Spolokhi fire. Nearby was a huge puddle of rainwater. The dark object zaiskrilsya and hissing with a ride on the puddle. As the air rose a thick cloud of steam and a loud cotton. After that, the ball instantly disappeared, as if through the land failed. The earth has only pozhuhlaya grass ".
S. Martyanov sought rede this phenomenal natural phenomena. In his research team included a theoretical physicist A. Anokhin. In the next visit to the Devil's fields were taken a few appliances that are able to record a powerful electric discharge. Sensors placed around the field and began to watch. A few days needle vzdrognuli and has gone right. Glades middle erupted red flames, which soon extinguished. But suddenly out of the ground there was "something dark gray". Black ball is not gimmick, as scientists long record of ball lightning, dark color. Then the miracles began running. The ball behaved as a reasonable creature - he walked around the entire meadow in a circle, alternately burning there sensors. Oplavilas expensive video camera and tripod, as "something dark gray" returned to center field and vsosalos into the ground, as in blotting bumagu.-long expedition participants have stayed in a state of shock. Riddle did not rest. We know that ball lightning often occur during storms, but that day the weather was perfect.
Offer possible rede this mysterious phenomenon suggested that A. Anokhin. Scientists long been known for a fact that the land could also be thunderstorms. In different regions of our planet continuously exist or occur suddenly breaks the crystalline rocks of the Earth's surface. During the deformation of crystals appear in the electrical potential of large capacity and a piezoelectric effect. Apparently, underground lightning knock on the surface.
In the western part of Novosibirsk, near the airport Tohmachevo and in the vicinity of the metro station Krasny prospect, within a few years there has been a fiery objects. They have a diameter of several centimeters to several meters, appear at different altitudes, and at times tried to escape from under the ground. Geologists attribute this phenomenon to the fault of crystalline rocks.
Scientists studying ball lightning, often affectionately called them "balls" or "kolobkami". In 1902, the Estonian island of Saaremaa is an interesting case. Nine-IIR-Kel meadow grass walked with friends on the shore of Lake Kaali. Suddenly before them appeared a strange creature - a small gray ball "inch diameter of", which silently katilsya on track. The boys tried to catch him, but by forcing a run, "Kolobok" hid in roadside bushes. The search produced no result.
Witnessed the unusual phenomenon was the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky. Rest in the Caucasus with Chekhov, and VM Vedeneyeva, he observed, as "the ball hit the hill, lost a huge cliff and exploded with a terrible crash".
The newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" of 5 Jul., 1965 published article "Fiery guest". It describes the behavior of ball lightning, a diameter of 30 cm observed in Armenia: "Pokruzhivshis room, fireball entered through an open door to the kitchen, and then flew out the window. Fireball banged in the backyard on the ground and exploded. Fortunately, no injuries ".
About the mysterious properties of ball lightning can be seen also on the occasion of the artist Vladimir Orlovsky Lomakina. July 6, 1967, working in his workshop, at 13.30 he saw from the walls with the rustle, rustle of sheets resembling the book very slowly out the substance of the two dark-brown eyes, covered with hair. The length of its body was about 20 cm on each side, there was some semblance of wings. Flying from the wall a little more than meter substance banged on a line with which the artist worked, and disappeared. On the floor V. Lomakin I saw the ball, like a ball of yarn. Surprised the artist reached down to lift him and throw, but found only a thick cloud of gray. In a second it was dissolved.
November 20, 1977 about 19.30 on the highway not far from Palanga traveling at its "Volga" Engineer A. Bashkis with passengers. They saw the ball the size of irregularly shaped, about 20 cm, slowly proplyvaya crosses the highway. Top "Kolobok" was black, and at the edges - a red-brown. The car passed over him, and "substance" turned the other way and continued its journey.
In 1981, retired Col. A. Bogdanov saw over Chistoprudny Boulevard fireball. Dark brown ball diameter 25-30 cm unexpectedly hot and exploded, stunned many passers-by.
In the near Moscow city Mytishchi in March 1990, two students, going back to hostel, faced with a mysterious dark-crimson ball. He slowly sailed through the air in half of the earth. When in residence, they found the same ball on the windowsill. Frightened, the girl zalezli with the head under a blanket, a ball at this time became smaller and changed color. When they look ventured, nothing found.
"Youth newspaper Karelia" 9 October 1993 has also published an article about the mysterious ball, Mikhail Voloshin lived in Petrozavodsk, in a private house. For some time there appeared a small ball of diameter from 7 to 10 cm, he moved silently and randomly change direction. Always disappear suddenly, under the morning.
In the same year an amazing event occurred with a resident of Ussuriysk M. Barents. At Shlotovskom plateau in the rock, he noticed small clots mist spherical shape, which катались on earth. One of them suddenly began to grow, it appeared sharp-clawed paws and jaws with teeth oskalennymi. Acute headache pierced M. Barents, and the ball took the initial size and disappeared.
During the summer of that year with the ball lightning faced engineers from St. Petersburg. My husband and his wife stayed in a tent on the bank of river. Vuoksi. Hang around a thunderstorm, and the wife decided to put a tent in some of the things. Suddenly, among the trees, they noticed a flying ball, which was stretched a thick fog plume. Object moved to the river along the shore. Then it turned out that they came out of the transistor receiver, but the husband broke the electronic clock.
In Western sources have earlier evidence of this mysterious phenomenon. During a lightning storm on 14-15 April 1718 in Kuenone (France) were seen three fireball diameter of more than one meter. In 1720 during a lightning storm a mysterious ball fell to the ground in a small French town. Cannon, he hit a stone tower and destroyed it. In 1845 in Paris, at Saint-Jacques Street fireball through the fireplace into the room of one of the workers. Gray ball moving on an arbitrary space, then climbed up the chimney and it exploded.
The English-language newspaper "Daily Mail" of 5 November, 1936 published an article on ball lightning. A witness reported seeing incandescent ball, came down from heaven. He hit the house, damaging telephone wires. Lit a wooden window frame and the "ball" disappeared in a barrel of water, which then boil.
A few unpleasant minutes of the crew survived the cargo aircraft KC-97 U.S. Air Force. In 1960, at a height of about 6 km to the board declared the intruder. Luminous round object about the size of meters into the cockpit. He fly between crew members and as suddenly disappeared.
But not always met with a fireball passes without any consequences for humans. Assistant Lomonosov, Russian scientist G. Rihman died in 1752, struck in the head by a ball lightning, coming from the broken wire from the lightning rod.
The tragic incident occurred in Tukumari, New Mexico, in 1953. Fireball zaletela in a large tank with water and it exploded. As a result, several homes were destroyed and four people died.
7 Jul, 1977 two large luminous ball fell into the territory of the open theater in Fudzyan in China. Two teenagers were killed and injured in the resulting panic, about 200 people.
Attack of ball lightning was subjected to a group of Soviet climbers high in the mountains of the Caucasus. It happened Aug. 17, 1978. Bright yellow glowing ball zaletel for athletes sleeping in a tent. Approaching the camp, he burns sleeping bags, and attacked people. The wounds had a much more serious conventional burns. One climber was killed, the others were seriously injured. A survey of athletes baffle doctors. Muscle tissue affected was burnt to the bone, if it worked as a welding machine.
8 in 1980 in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), the appearance of glowing ball, too, led to the tragedy. Several houses were burned, people chased the ball and set fire to their clothes.
In "Literaturnaya newspaper" of 21 December 1983 described the explosion of ball lightning. In a mountain valley working locals. In the sky a huge cloud, like shining from within. Poured rain, and people rushed to the mulberry tree to hide. But there was already fireball. It literally individuals scattered in different directions, many have lost consciousness. As a result, three people were killed.
A list of the tragic consequences of the meetings with the ball lightning could continue, but it is better to try to - what is this phenomenon? Scientists estimate that every day in our world rages around 44 thousand lightning strikes every second to enter the land up to 100 lightning. But this is mainly ordinary linear lightning, a mechanism which is well studied by specialists. Ordinary lightning - a kind of electrical discharge, which is formed by the action of high tension between the different parts of the clouds or between cloud and ground. The rapid heating of ionized gas leads to its expansion - it is a sound wave, which is the thunder.
However, to explain clearly what the fireball, yet no one can. According to experts, will require the efforts of specialists in various fields of science, from quantum physics to inorganic chemistry. At the same time, there were clear signs that ball lightning can be separated from other natural phenomena. Description of the various theoretical models of ball lightning, laboratory studies, thousands of photographs allow researchers to identify many of the parameters and characteristics of the phenomenon.
1. First, why they are called ball? The vast majority of witnesses claim to have seen the ball. True, there are other forms - mushroom, pear, straw, the torus, lens, or just amorphous tumanoobraznye clots.
2. Color is quite diverse - lightning may be yellow, orange, red, white, blue, green, from gray to black. By the way, there are a lot of documentary evidence that it is non-uniform color or the ability to change it.
3. The most typical for ball lightning is a size 10 to 20 cm less size from 3 to 10 cm and 20 to 35 cm
4. As to the temperature of the views of experts differ. Most often mentioned 100-1000 degrees Celsius. Lightning is able proplavit glass flying through the window.
5. Energy density - this is the value of energy per unit volume. A ball of lightning, she record. Those disastrous consequences, which we sometimes see that can not be doubt in this.
6. The intensity of luminescence and time varies from several seconds to several minutes. Fireball can shine as an ordinary light bulb at 100 watts, but sometimes it can be blind.
7. Distributed by the view that the fireball floats slowly rotating, with speeds of 2-10 m / sec. Catch up with the person running it is easy.
8. My visits usually ends lightning explosion, sometimes split into several parts, or just wasting away.
9. Difficult to explain the behavior of the whole ball of lightning. She was not afraid of obstacles, she likes to penetrate into homes through windows, fortochki and other openings. There is evidence of its passage through the walls of the houses, trees and stones. Noticed that she was not insensitive to the sockets, switches, contacts. Entering into the water, fireball can quickly bring it to boil. This ball burns and melts down everything that occurs on their way. But I have been quite amazing instances where the lightning burned the clothes, leaving the coat. It sbrivala with all human hair, pull up out of the hands of metal objects. The very people that are discarded at great distance. One fireball alloy ingot in general all the coins are lying in a purse without damaging the paper money. As an intense source of electromagnetic microwave radiation, it incapacitate phones, televisions, radios and other appliances, where there are coils and transformers. Sometimes doing the unique "gadgets" - when meeting with a ball lightning in people with ring fingers disappeared. Low-frequency radiation badly affect the human psyche, causing hallucinations, headache, feeling of fear. On the tragic meeting with a ball lightning, we mentioned above.
Consider a more specific hypothesis of this mysterious phenomenon of nature. However, once a reservation, that the stumbling block is the lack of a reliable method of obtaining playing ball lightning under controlled laboratory conditions. The experiments do not give unambiguous results. Scientists studying this "something", can not argue that they are studying very fireball.
The most common are chemical models, and now they were replaced by "Plasma Theory", in which the energy of tectonic stresses earth's interior can be released not only by earthquakes but also in the form of electric discharges, electromagnetic radiation, the linear and the fireball, and the plasmoid - clots concentrated energy. German physicist A. Meissner is committed to the theory, saying that the fireball - it is a ball of hot plasma, spinning madly through a primary momentum of the bunch linear lightning.
Renowned Soviet electro GI Babat during World War II conducted experiments on high-frequency currents, and suddenly a reproduced fireball. So there is another hypothesis. The essence of it is that the centripetal force tending to break the fireball into pieces resist appearing at a high speed of rotation of forces of attraction between rassloivshimisya charges. But this hypothesis can not explain the length of the ball lightning and its enormous power.
Do not stay aloof from this problem and academician PL Kapitsa. In his view, the fireball - it is a voluminous tank. Lightning picks up radio waves, arising from lightning discharges, which is receiving energy from outside.
Supporter of the chemical model of ball lightning is even Francois Arago. He believed that with the usual linear lightning discharge occur hot balls of gas or any mixture detonating.
Renowned Soviet theoretical physicist J. Frenkel was of the opinion that the fireball - it is education, due to collision with the usual lightning gaseous reactive materials. They burn in the presence of catalysts in the form of particles of smoke and dust. But science does not know the substance of such a colossal calorific value.
Research Institute of Mechanics, Moscow State University, BA Parfyonov put forward their case. He believed that the fireball - it toroidal shell and the ring current magnetic field. When they interact, from the inner cavity of the ball deflate. If electromagnetic efforts seek to break the balloon, the air pressure, in contrast, is trying to crush him. If these forces are balanced, the fireball will gain stability.
From a purely scientific hypotheses, and those who remain, move to a more accessible, and sometimes naive versions.
Supporter of a very original assumptions about the appearance of ball lightning is a researcher of anomalous phenomena Vincent X. Gaddis. In his view, the Earth's long-standing parallel to the protein form of life there is one. The nature of this life (let's call it Elementals) is similar to the nature of ball lightning. Fire Elementals are creatures alien origin, but their behavior says about a particular intelligence. If you prefer, they can take many forms.
Fizikohimik of Maryland, David Turner spent studying ball lightning a few years. It adheres to the version that such supernatural phenomena as a poltergeist and pirokinez relate to the fireball. The basis of these mysteries are like electrical and chemical processes. However, in laboratory conditions to confirm this assumption has not yet been possible.
It has long been attempted to link the phenomenon of UFOs from fireball. But they all have failed - too much different size, length of existence, form and energy of these two phenomena.
There are more supporters of the original versions of ball lightning. In their view, they are-only ... optical illusion. The essence of it is that when a strong flash of lightning through a linear photochemical processes in the human retina is influenced by spot. Vision may continue for 2-10 seconds. Insolvency refute this hypothesis, hundreds of these pictures of ball lightning.
We have considered only a few hypotheses and theories regarding mysterious phenomena such as ball lightning. They can accept or not accept, accept them or reject them, but none of them have not yet been able to fully explain the mystery of the mysterious "kolobkov", and thus prompt a man like him should behave when dealing with this natural phenomenon.
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